Pemanasan global

Pemanasan global atau Global Warming adalah adanya proses peningkatan suhu rata-rata atmosfer, laut, dan daratan Bumi.
Suhu rata-rata global pada permukaan Bumi telah meningkat 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) selama seratus tahun terakhir. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) menyimpulkan bahwa, "sebagian besar peningkatan suhu rata-rata global sejak pertengahan abad ke-20 kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh meningkatnya konsentrasi gas-gas rumah kaca akibat aktivitas manusia"^[1] melalui efek rumah kaca. Kesimpulan dasar ini telah dikemukakan oleh setidaknya 30 badan ilmiah dan akademik, termasuk semua akademi sains nasional dari negara-negara G8. Akan tetapi, masih terdapat beberapa ilmuwan yang tidak setuju dengan beberapa kesimpulan yang dikemukakan IPCC tersebut.
Model iklim yang dijadikan acuan oleh projek IPCC menunjukkan suhu permukaan global akan meningkat 1.1 hingga 6.4 °C (2.0 hingga 11.5 °F) antara tahun 1990 dan 2100.^[1] Perbedaan angka perkiraan itu disebabkan oleh penggunaan skenario-skenario berbeda mengenai emisi gas-gas rumah kaca di masa mendatang, serta model-model sensitivitas iklim yang berbeda. Walaupun sebagian besar penelitian terfokus pada periode hingga 2100, pemanasan dan kenaikan muka air lautdiperkirakan akan terus berlanjut selama lebih dari seribu tahun walaupun tingkat emisi gas rumah kaca telah stabil.^[1] Ini mencerminkan besarnya kapasitas panas dari lautan.
Meningkatnya suhu global diperkirakan akan menyebabkan perubahan-perubahan yang lain seperti naiknya permukaan air laut, meningkatnya intensitas fenomena cuaca yang ekstrim,^[2] serta perubahan jumlah dan pola presipitasi. Akibat-akibat pemanasan global yang lain adalah terpengaruhnya hasil pertanian, hilangnya gletser, dan punahnya berbagai jenis hewan.

Beberapa hal-hal yang masih diragukan para ilmuwan adalah mengenai jumlah pemanasan yang diperkirakan akan terjadi di masa depan, dan bagaimana pemanasan serta perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi tersebut akan bervariasi dari satu daerah ke daerah yang lain. Hingga saat ini masih terjadi perdebatan politik dan publik di dunia mengenai apa, jika ada, tindakan yang harus dilakukan untuk mengurangi atau membalikkan pemanasan lebih lanjut atau untuk beradaptasi terhadap konsekuensi-konsekuensi yang ada. Sebagian besar pemerintahan negara-negara di dunia telah menandatangani dan meratifikasi Protokol Kyoto, yang mengarah pada pengurangan emisi gas-gas rumah kaca.

structure and speaking

I. What do you say if you are in the following situations?

1. Ant insect bites you
2. You have heard that your grandmother's health is more better
3. There is someone push you from behind

II. Translate the following sentences into English. Use simple past and past continuouse tense!

1. ketika Mitha sedang merawat kelincinya, adik laki-lakinya menganggu dia
2. Saat aku masih 8 tahun, aku tidak suka membaca buku
3. Kucing itu sedang tidur, ketika aku masuk rumah.

III. Complete the following sentences with question taq!

1. The three girls collect photos of film stars,.....?
2. I am having dinner at a restaurant,...........?
3. This report is not accurate,......?
4. Bobby speaks English fluently,........?
5. Diah never gets up early on sunday,.......?

IV. Combine the following clause to make a compound sentences!

1. The train was late.......the passengers were waiting at the airport all morning
2. I like garden .........I don't like trees.
3. ........Nita is sick, She still goes to school
4. I have to go to her house,.......she goes to Jakarta.

1. 
   

soal mid semester reading text

Read the text and answer the question

The fishermam ( By Maria Emilia Moura )

Once upon a time there was a fisherman armed with his fishing rod who would make his way every day from his village to the river bank. there he would wait patiently for the fish to bite. As soon as he had caught exactly three fish, he would leave the river and went his way slowly home to the cottage where he lived with his wife and son. this strangre routine was much commented in the village. then one day a tourist arrived and began to go for daily walks to the river bank. After a few days of watching the lone fisherman, he finally spoke to him.

"Execuse me, but I've been observing your unusual routine for several days. You always catch exactly three fish and then go away"

"And why on earth should I want to wait around here after that?

"For more fish to take the bait."

"But I only need three fish. There are only three of us at home.

"And you 've never thought of trying to catch more fish?

"What for?

:To sell, so that you can buy a bigger house and then may be another boat and have people working for you?

"what for?

"So that you could have other things, be very rich and do all the things you like doing".

"The things I like doing?But what I like doing is fishing!" 

1. Where did the story take place?
2. Who were the participants?
3. What routine did the fisherman do every day?
4. Why did the tourist finally speak to the fisherman?
5. Why didn't the fisherman catch more then three fish?
6. What was the thing the fisherman like doing?
7. How did the fisherman wait for the fish to bait? This strange routine was much commented on the village. The meaning ofthe underlined word is nearly the same as......... 
8. This strange routine was much commented on the village. The meaning ofthe underlined word is nearly the same as......... 
9. The fisherman said.......(choose the correct answer)

a. If there were only three of us at home

b. That there are only three of them at home

c. That there are only three of us at home

d. That there were only three of us at home

e. That there were only three of them at home

10. This strange routine was much commented on the village .The sentence have the same meaning with......

(choose the correct answer)

a. The routine was very usual in the village

b. The routine was part of the people's tradition

c. People liked doing the routine

d. People didn't like the routine

e. People criticized the man for doing the routine

 

EXPRESSING SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION

Text 1

(At lunch time, Machiko and Roberto were hungry. They found a restaurant near the college. The menu looked very good. They chose a table at the salad bowl, sat down, and read the menu. Then they waited. They waited for a long time. At last the waiter comes.)

Waiter : Yes?

Machiko : I’d like salad fruit, please.

Waiter : Cottage cheese, yoghurt, or sherbet?

Machiko : Er, yoghurt, please.

Waiter : Anything else?

Machiko : Yes, I’ll have some bread and a glass of white wine.

Waiter : (to Roberto) and you?

Roberto : The chef’s salad – large, with bread and red wine, please.

(After the waiter left)

Machiko : The waiter was unfriendly, wasn’t he?

Roberto : No, not unfriendly. He was rude.

(Michiko and Roberto waited more than ten minutes. Their food finally arrived.)

Roberto : Large? This is small salad.

Machiko : And this is sherbet instead of yoghurt.

Roberto : The bread is hard.

Machiko : It’s not fresh at all. It’s stale. I can’t eat it.

Roberto : And I can’t drink this wine chilled. It’s warm.

Machiko : Terrible. There’s no butter for the bread, either.

Roberto : Where’s the waiter?

Machiko : I don’t know. He’s probably gone to lunch at another restaurant.

Answer the following questions briefly.

1. How does the menu look like?
2. What do Machiko and Robderto feel about their meal?
3. What do they order?
4. How long do they wait for their food?
5. What make them dissatisfied?

Text 2

Paul : Have you read today’s newspaper?

James : Not yet. Is it interesting?

Paul : Yes, the apology from the company. Take a look. The paper is over there.

James : Picking up the newspaper and starting to read it. Is that all?

Paul : Yes.

James : This is not enough. I’m not satisfied yet. The size of the ads should have been half of the page. Besides, the company only apologized but they didn’t mention what they would do.

Paul : Oh, come on. The point is not the matter of the size, but the company sincere to apologize.

James : Still it’s not satisfying.

Paul : I think they have already shown their good will. It’s more than enough.

Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Who are involved in the dialogue above?

2. What is the content of the paper?

3. What does James say to express his dissatisfaction?

4. Why does he feel so?

5. Write Paul’s expression to express his satisfaction.

Text 3

Robert : How do you feel about this food?

Tery : Wow….. I am very satisfied. It’s very delicious.

Robert : Yes, you are right. Would you have anymore?

Tery : Yes, of course.

Robert : I will take some for my younger sister. She’ll be very happy.

Tery : Yeah and I will take for my mom at home.

Robert : OK. Let’s go home. I never feel satisfied before.

Tery : So am I.

Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Who are having dialogue?

2. What are they talking about?

3. Where does the conversation take place?

4. What does Tery feel about the food?

5. Why do they take the food home?

Present Perfect Tense

I have sung

The present perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because it uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the present perfect tense is very simple. The problems come with the use of the tense. In addition, there are some differences in usage between British and American English.

• Structure: how to make the present perfect tense
• Use: when and why to use the present perfect tense
• For and Since with the present perfect tense. What's the difference?

How do we make the Present Perfect Tense?

The structure of the present perfect tense is:

subject	+	auxiliary verb	+	main verb
		have		past participle

Here are some examples of the present perfect tense:

	subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I	have		seen	ET.
+	You	have		eaten	mine.
-	She	has	not	been	to Rome.
-	We	have	not	played	football.
?	Have	you		finished?
?	Have	they		done	it?

Contractions with the present perfect tense

When we use the present perfect tense in speaking, we usually contract the subject and auxiliary verb. We also sometimes do this when we write.

I have	I've
You have	You've
He has She has It has John has The car has	He's She's It's John's The car's
We have	We've
They have	They've

Here are some examples:

• I've finished my work.
• John's seen ET.
• They've gone home.

He's or he's??? Be careful! The 's contraction is used for the auxiliary verbs have and be. For example, "It's eaten" can mean:

• It has eaten. [present perfect tense, active voice]
• It is eaten. [present tense, passive voice] 

How do we use the Present Perfect Tense?

This tense is called the present perfect tense. There is always a connection with the past and with the present. There are basically three uses for the present perfect tense:

1. experience
2. change
3. continuing situation

1. Present perfect tense for experience

We often use the present perfect tense to talk about experience from the past. We are not interested in when you did something. We only want to know if you did it:

I have seen ET. He has lived in Bangkok. Have you been there? We have never eaten caviar.
past	present	future
The action or state was in the past.	In my head, I have a memory now.

Connection with past: the event was in the past.
Connection with present: in my head, now, I have a memory of the event; I know something about the event; I have experience of it.

2. Present perfect tense for change

We also use the present perfect tense to talk about a change or new information:

I have bought a car.
past	present	future
-	+
Last week I didn't have a car.	Now I have a car.

 

John has broken his leg.
past	present	future
+	-
Yesterday John had a good leg.	Now he has a bad leg.

 

Has the price gone up?
past	present	future
+	-
Was the price $1.50 yesterday?	Is the price $1.70 today?

 

The police have arrested the killer.
past	present	future
-	+
Yesterday the killer was free.	Now he is in prison.

Connection with past: the past is the opposite of the present.
Connection with present: the present is the opposite of the past.

3. Present perfect tense for continuing situation

We often use the present perfect tense to talk about a continuing situation. This is a state that started in the past and continues in the present (and will probably continue into the future). This is a state (not an action). We usually use for or since with this structure.

I have worked here since June. He has been ill for 2 days. How long have you known Tara?
past	present	future
The situation started in the past.	It continues up to now.	(It will probably continue into the future.)

Connection with past: the situation started in the past.
Connection with present: the situation contin

For & Since with Present Perfect Tense

We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.

• We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.
• We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.

for	since
a period of time	a point in past time
	x------------
20 minutes	6.15pm
three days	Monday
6 months	January
4 years	1994
2 centuries	1800
a long time	I left school
ever	the beginning of time
etc	etc

Here are some examples:

• I have been here for 20 minutes.
• I have been here since 9 o'clock.
• John hasn't called for 6 months.
• John hasn't called since February.
• He has worked in New York for a long time.
• He has worked in New York since he left school.

How to Express Sympathy When Someone Dies

Most people want to express sympathy when a friend, family member or work associate experiences the death of someone they love. Knowing how to express sympathy in those situations is not always easy. But it is even more difficult when a friend, acquaintance, or work associate dies, and we do not know the grieving family. Out of respect for the dead person we may still want to express our sympathy to the family and let them know that we cared about the deceased. You can send a card or note, but whether you are expressing your sympathy in writing or in person, it can be hard to know what to say.
While expressions of sympathy are inadequate to eliminate grief, they do help the grieving know that others care about what they are going through. So here are some suggested ways of expressing sympathy:

Difficulty: Moderately Easy

Instructions

1. 1
   1) Share a positive reminiscence of something the person said or did, such as a time they helped you personally, or share an anecdote about them (but nothing embarrasing or hurtful).
   
2. 2
   2) Share with the family a positive quality about the person that you appreciated, such as how friendly they were or what a good sense of humor they had.
   
3. 3
   3) If you know anything about their religious beliefs, then share with them your hope that God and their faith will bring them comfort in their time of loss.
   
4. 4
   4) Give a memorial to a charity in honor of the deceased.
   
5. 5
   5) Give the grieving person a journal to write down their feelings, emotions and memories of their loved one.
   
6. 6
   6) Take them food or a meal. (Because people often receive gifts of food when they lose a loved one, you might consider something that can be frozen or a basket of ingredients that could be easily cooked and mixed together to use at a later date)
   
7. 7
   7) Give flowers, a plant, or a gift basket.
   
8. 8
   8) Do not say, "I know how you feel." If you can truly understand a little of what they are going through (for example a friend's mother has suddenly died of a heart attack and your mother died the same way several months previous) then it is okay to say something like, "I know how much it hurts to lose your mom this way." It is also okay to share something that helped you through your experience, but remember what is going on right now is not about you, it is about the person to whom you are expressing sympathy.
   
9. 9
   9) It is always okay to say, "I'm praying for you" as long as it is true and the grieving person isn't an atheist who will be offended by such a statement.
   
10. 10
    10) You can say, "If there's anything I can do to help..." but it is usually more helpful to offer specifics such as picking the kids up from school or picking up the dry cleaning, etc.
    
11. 11
    11) If you didn't know the person who died well enough to share anything, then the best thing you can say is, "I'm sorry about your loss (or the death of your husband/wife/child/etc.) Hugs are also nice.
    
12. 12
    12) Send the grieving a "thinking of you" card several days after the funeral.
    
13. 13
    13) Keep in touch after the funeral. Invite them out, or offer to help them in specific ways.

EXPRESSING SYMPATHY What To Say... How To Help

Expressing sympathy...
                           


"The friend who can be silent with us in a moment of confusion or despair, who can stay with us in an hour of grief and bereavement, who can tolerate not knowing... not healing... not curing... that is a friend indeed."
                                    ~Henri Nouwen
Expressing sympathy...
So your best friend just lost her teenage son in a car wreck... What a tragedy! You are just devastated and so saddened by the news.

But, Geez! What do you say to your friend? How can you possibly help or lessen her pain for her? Well, you can't, but there are things you can say or do to provide genuine support for a fellow human in need.

And there are some things you should never say to a bereaved person.

So what is the best way to express sympathy when a friend or loved one has suffered a tragic loss? What should you say to them? How best to lend support or offer to help?

Many bereaved people have reported that certain things said or done by those offering sympathy had a great impact on them... either positive or negative. We present in this section a guide to help you out with one of life's most difficult challenges... expressing sympathy.

Read on for some useful guidelines:

• How you can help (below)
• What to say in person
• Hurtful platitudes (cliches) to avoid
• How to write a comforting sympathy letter
• Send one of our beautifully unique sympathy cards
• Our special sympathy gift collection